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1. First use appropriate concrete objects to teach particular math concepts/skills. Discrete materials (e.g. counting objects such as beans, chips, unifix cubes, popsicle sticks, etc.) are especially helpful since students can see and feel the attributes of the objects they are using. Base-ten materials are excellent for building understanding of place value and other number and number sense relationships. Having students actually combine individual objects in groups of ten and hundreds first can solidify the process of regrouping and place value sense (e.g. bundling ten popsicle sticks with a rubberband or connecting ten unifix cubes to make "ten". Then expose students to already made base-ten materials. For additional ideas about concrete level instruction for students with special needs, visit the MathVIDS website at http://coe.jmu.edu/mathvidsr.
   
   
2. After students demonstrate mastery at the concrete level (e.g. 5 out of 5 correct for three consecutive days), then teach appropriate drawing techniques where students problem solve by drawing simple representations of the concrete objects they previously used. The use of tallies, dots, and circles are examples of simple drawings students can make. By replicating the movements students previously used with concrete materials, drawing simple representations of those objects supports students' evolving abstract understanding of the concept/skill. They replicate similar movements using slightly more abstract representations of the mathematics concept/skill. For additional ideas about representational level instruction for students with special needs, visit the MathVIDS website at http://coe.jmu.edu/mathvidsr.
   
   
3. After students demonstrate mastery at the representational level (e.g. 10 out of 10 correct for three consecutive days) use appropriate strategies for assisting students to move to the abstract level of understanding for a particular math concept/skill. Students with special needs often have difficulty developing abstract level understandings. Several barriers can make this situation occur. Sometimes students have never developed conceptual understanding of the target mathematics concept/skill. Typically this occurs when students have not been allowed to develop that understanding at the concrete & representational levels of understanding. Two ways to manage this situation are to re-teach the mathematics concept/skill using appropriate concrete materials and then explicitly show the relationship between the concrete materials and the abstract representation of the materials. For students who have a concrete level of understanding, provide students opportunities to use their language to describe their solutions and their understandings of the mathematics concept/skill they are learning. Other possible reasons students may have difficulty developing abstract understandings of a particular mathematics concept/skill are: they have difficulty with basic facts because of memory problems, they repeat procedural mistakes that can result from perceptual processing deficits, attention difficulties, memory problems, or they use faulty algorithms that result from non-understanding of prerequisite concepts/skills (e.g. place value). For additional ideas about abstract level instruction for students with special needs and how to manage barriers to their development of abstract level understandings, visit the MathVIDS website at http://coe.jmu.edu/mathvidsr.
   
   

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1. When initially teaching a math concept/skill, describe and model it using concrete objects (concrete level of understanding).
2. Provide students multiple practice opportunities using concrete objects.
3. When students demonstrate mastery by using concrete objects, describe and model how to perform the skill by drawing or using pictures that represent concrete objects (representational level of understanding).
4. Provide multiple practice opportunities where students draw their solutions or use pictures to problem-solve.
5. When students demonstrate mastery by drawing solutions, describe and model how to perform the skill using only numbers and math symbols (abstract level of understanding).
6. Provide multiple opportunities for students to practice performing the skill using only numbers and symbols.
7. After students master performing the skill at the abstract level of understanding, ensure students maintain their skill level by providing periodic practice opportunities for the math skills.

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• It teaches conceptual understanding by connecting concrete understanding to abstract math processes.
• By linking learning experiences from concrete-to-representational-to-abstract levels of understanding, the teacher provides a graduated framework for students to make meaningful connections.
• CRA blends conceptual and procedural understanding in structured way so that students learn both the "How" and the "Why" to the problem solving procedures they learn to do; and, they learn the "What," that is they develop conceptual understanding of the mathematics concept that underlies the problem solving process.

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